In the design of mechanical equipment, especially large static and rotating equipment, it is essential to carry out a detailed design and analysis of the stresses generated due to the loads induced during the transportation on the different elements of the equipment. If we analyze, for example, the case of a pressure vessel, the transportation […]

The presence of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions in a water supply is commonly known as “hardness.” The degree of hardness is classified as follows: The main problem associated with hardness is scale and deposits formation. Even levels as low as 5 to 8 mg/L are too extreme for many uses (i.e. as boiler […]

The API 653 standard was developed to guide during the inspection, repair, alteration and dismantling works of storage tanks designed and manufactured under API 650 or API 12C. Contents are divided into the following sections: Scope References Definitions Suitability for Service Brittle Fracture Considerations Inspection Materials Design Considerations for Reconstructed Tanks. Tank repair and Alteration […]

Any activities, whether domestic or industrial produce wastewaters or effluents containing undesirable contaminants that must be removed before the water is discharged to a natural receptor. In general, conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical and biological processes and operations to remove insoluble particles and soluble contaminants from effluents. There are various […]

As a general rule, storage tanks operate at atmospheric or very low pressures. A fundamental analysis in the design of storage tanks, associated with their protection and safety, is the design of the elements against overpressure and vacuum. The most commonly used protection elements in storage tanks are the vents, along with additional pressure relief […]

The study and technological improvements of materials have played a fundamental role in the design of pressure vessels and piping systems for the different industrial sectors. The selection of one type of material or another is crucial when optimizing the design of an equipment and minimizing manufacturing costs. Primarily, when selecting a material, we will […]