It is well-known that for equipment and components design that will be operated in industrial plants, all involved people must take into account all phenomena that could cause failures. The main reason for that is people safety and integrity that work at the plant and all people that could be affected by a hypothetical failure. […]

FEED (Front End Engineering Design) Front End Engineering Design (FEED), also referred to as Front-end loading (FEL), feasibility analysis or conceptual planning, is the process for conceptual development of projects in processing industries such as upstream, petrochemical, refining and pharmaceutical. This involves developing sufficient strategic information with which owners can address risk and make decisions […]

Thin-walled pressure vessels are widely used in industry for storage and transportation of liquids and gases when configured as tanks. For most applications, pressure vessels are either spherical or cylindrical. Depending on the application, pressure vessels will adopt one shape or the other. Most pressure vessels are fabricated from curved metal sheets that are joined […]

Oil & gas The oil & gas industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum (oil) is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, […]

The word “cryogenics” comes from two Greek words, “kryos” meaning icy cold, and “genes” meaning to form. The term cryogenics was first used in 1875 and has come into general usage since 1955. Cryogenic temperatures are normally considered as below (-)100ºC. One of the major benefits of handling gases in liquefied form is the enormous […]

Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of kinetic pump, and are used most often in applications with moderate-to-high flow and low head. These type of pumps are almost always more economical to own, operate and maintain than other types of pumps. Basic Parameters The process engineer is normally responsible for specifying the process requirements […]