In shell and tube heat exchangers, fouling is one of the most frequent causes of thermal performance loss during operation. It consists of the progressive accumulation of unwanted deposits on heat transfer surfaces. These deposits add thermal resistance and reduce the flow area, which increases pressure drop. The consequences are both technical and economic: higher […]
In industrial thermal engineering practice, shell and tube heat exchangers constitute one of the most versatile and widespread pieces of equipment for heat transfer between process streams. Their presence is dominant in refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants, power generation facilities, and numerous continuous process installations. Based on our experience in design, operations, and technical training, […]
In many pressure vessels that are internally lined in order to avoid corrosion effects, it is required to weld internal elements such as, for instance, trays supports, chimney plates, packing, etc. to the internal side of the vessel wall. In this case, a decision needs to be made: weld the attachments directly to the internal […]
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