The term heat exchanger encompasses all devices used to transfer energy from one fluid to another. Some examples of this group are: radiators, water heaters, refrigeration batteries, evaporators, steam generators, etc. Direct contact heat exchangers, also known as mix exchangers, are devices where both fluids undergo a complete physical mixture. On the other hand, devices […]

Assuming that the analysis shown in the picture is correct (which it is), the wall thickness of a piping system under internal pressure is a relationship of its internal radius, the internal pressure and the values of the axial and hoop stresses induced according to the material selected. Let’s break this down. Design Conditions An […]

External pressure can be caused in pressure vessels by a variety of conditions and circumstances. The design pressure may be less than atmospheric due to condensing gas or steam. Often vessels are design for some amount of external pressure, to allow for steam cleaning and the effects of the condensing steam. Other vessels are in […]