Often the material that can resist corrosion from the environment of a particular application may not have adequate structural strength. Or because of its low strength it may require use of uneconomically thick sections. An economical solution consists of providing a layer of corrosion-resistant material of suitable thickness on the contact surfaces of the equipment, […]

The design temperature, along with the design pressure, fluid characterization and other technical-economical requirements, is a critical parameter in the design and material selection of process equipment, instrumentation and piping. The selection criteria differ slightly depending on the engineering practices, but generally consist of assigning a design margin to the maximum (and minimum) normal operating […]

All pipes are represented in Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) by lines, with an alphanumeric coding that allows identifying them for subsequent design (routing, thermal stress analysis, supporting, etc.) and purchase.   There are no rules to stablish universal coding; they depend on each project. Although they include basically the same information, the way they are […]

From all types of containers, Aboveground Storage Tanks are the most used. The different types of tanks are used to store a variety of products such as crude oil and its derivatives, butane, propane, LPG, solvents, water, etc. Continuous production processes (such as refineries) require the storage of products for a later use, transportation or […]

Pipes are the most delicate components in any process plant, they are also the busiest entities. Piping Systems are subjected to almost all kinds of loads, intentional or unintentional. It is very important to take note of all potential loads that a piping system would encounter during operation as well as during other stages in […]

The term heat exchanger encompasses all devices used to transfer energy from one fluid to another. Some examples of this group are: radiators, water heaters, refrigeration batteries, evaporators, steam generators, etc. Direct contact heat exchangers, also known as mix exchangers, are devices where both fluids undergo a complete physical mixture. On the other hand, devices […]