In the realm of industrial storage tanks, stability and safety are paramount. These structures, which often contain hazardous substances, require a robust foundation system to withstand external forces and prevent catastrophic failures. API 650, developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API), provides guidelines for the design, construction, and maintenance of welded steel tanks for various […]
In the quest for a sustainable and decarbonized future, hydrogen is emerging as a key energy carrier with tremendous potential. As the demand for hydrogen increases, the need for safe and efficient infrastructure becomes paramount. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) recognized this need and developed the ASME B31.12 code to provide guidelines for […]
Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&ID) are a schematic representation of the piping process with mechanical details of equipment, instruments, piping, valves, and control loops, all necessary to ensure safe operation of the facility. In other words, they are plans that, in addition to showing the sequence of operations of the Process Flow Diagram (PFD), show […]
First of all, the Major Hazard Facilities or “Major Hazard Facilities” will be defined, which are facilities that store and/or process substances characterized as dangerous (flammable, toxic, harmful, etc.) with inventories that exceed a certain limit in the case of Europe defined by the Seveso Directive. Additionally, in this type of facilities, in addition to […]
Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID’s) can often be confused with Process Flow Diagrams (PFD’s). P&IDs and PFDs generally use the same notation for teams. However, they serve different purposes and provide different information. The purpose of a PFD is to show exactly what a process does during operation, and a P&ID shows all the controllers, […]
The physical distribution of equipment in the substation is a study that demands much information and dedication. Typically, equipment is distributed in the electrical room under certain guidelines, such as: The switching devices that power or receive power from the transformers are located on the wall, on the yard side of the transformers. In this […]