The word “cryogenics” comes from two Greek words, “kryos” meaning icy cold, and “genes” meaning to form. The term cryogenics was first used in 1875 and has come into general usage since 1955. Cryogenic temperatures are normally considered as below (-)100ºC. One of the major benefits of handling gases in liquefied form is the enormous […]

Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of kinetic pump, and are used most often in applications with moderate-to-high flow and low head. These type of pumps are almost always more economical to own, operate and maintain than other types of pumps. Basic Parameters The process engineer is normally responsible for specifying the process requirements […]

In an industrial plant, depending on the process and the number of piping systems, the capital investment in piping could be up to 25 and even 40% of the total investment. Therefore, efficient sizing is vital to the plant economic feasibility. When an installation presents very long pipelines and/or it requires expensive materials (Cr-Mo, Stainless […]

Non-standard flanges will only be used in cases where pressure, temperature and size requirements exceed the capabilities of standard flanges. Keep in mind that non-standard flanges require calculation, design and special manufacturing procedures, which is why they are chosen only as a last resort. The most common such applications are large equipment flanges and heat […]

Fatigue analysis is often more demanded for Pressure Vessels and Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers (S&T). Operating conditions involving pressure and/or temperature cycles could result in a fatigue analysis requirement. Previous to perform a fatigue analysis is necessary to run screening criteria in order to check according to ASME VIII Div. 2 Ap. 5.5. if […]

Joint efficiency of welds can be defined as the reliability that can be obtained from the joints after welding. This coefficient can adopt values smaller than 1, and to some extent it can be said that the joint efficiency is a way of reducing the allowable stress of the material. Therefore, the joint efficiency depends […]