Heat Exchanger Design and Operation is one of the most complex and critical disciplines in process and mechanical engineering. These units are the heart of thermal management in any plant, from petrochemicals to power generation. Their function is straightforward (transferring heat between two fluids), but their design requires a bimodal mastery: thermal calculation for energy […]

Industrial Piping Engineering is a fundamental discipline that ensures the safe and efficient transport of fluids across process plants, refineries, power stations, and other critical facilities. Beyond the physical connection of components, this field requires a deep understanding of thermodynamics, materials mechanics, regulatory frameworks, and—crucially—piping stress analysis. A poorly designed piping system can lead to […]

Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&ID) are a schematic representation of the piping process with mechanical details of equipment, instruments, piping, valves, and control loops, all necessary to ensure safe operation of the facility. In other words, they are plans that, in addition to showing the sequence of operations of the Process Flow Diagram (PFD), show […]