In industrial thermal engineering practice, shell and tube heat exchangers constitute one of the most versatile and widespread pieces of equipment for heat transfer between process streams. Their presence is dominant in refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants, power generation facilities, and numerous continuous process installations. Based on our experience in design, operations, and technical training, […]

In the field of industrial facility engineering, atmospheric storage tanks constitute one of the most critical and, simultaneously, most regulated assets. Two of the most widely used international standards for vertical welded steel tanks are API 650 (American Petroleum Institute) and EEMUA 159 (Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association). Although both share a common objective—ensuring […]