The word “cryogenics” comes from two Greek words, “kryos” meaning icy cold, and “genes” meaning to form. The term cryogenics was first used in 1875 and has come into general usage since 1955. Cryogenic temperatures are normally considered as below (-)100ºC. One of the major benefits of handling gases in liquefied form is the enormous […]
Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of kinetic pump, and are used most often in applications with moderate-to-high flow and low head. These type of pumps are almost always more economical to own, operate and maintain than other types of pumps. Basic Parameters The process engineer is normally responsible for specifying the process requirements […]
In an industrial plant, depending on the process and the number of piping systems, the capital investment in piping could be up to 25 and even 40% of the total investment. Therefore, efficient sizing is vital to the plant economic feasibility. When an installation presents very long pipelines and/or it requires expensive materials (Cr-Mo, Stainless […]
The design temperature, along with the design pressure, fluid characterization and other technical-economical requirements, is a critical parameter in the design and material selection of process equipment, instrumentation and piping. The selection criteria differ slightly depending on the engineering practices, but generally consist of assigning a design margin to the maximum (and minimum) normal operating […]
All pipes are represented in Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) by lines, with an alphanumeric coding that allows identifying them for subsequent design (routing, thermal stress analysis, supporting, etc.) and purchase. There are no rules to stablish universal coding; they depend on each project. Although they include basically the same information, the way they are […]